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Alto clefAlto Al"to, n.; pl. Altos. [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf.
Alt.]
1. (Mus.) Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or
counter-tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest
female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and
soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor.
2. An alto singer.
Alto clef (Mus.) the counter-tenor clef, or the C clef,
placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of
the staff. --Moore. Alto clefClef Clef (kl[e^]f; 277), n. [F. clef key, a key in music, fr.
L. clavis key. See Clavicle.] (Mus.)
A character used in musical notation to determine the
position and pitch of the scale as represented on the staff.
Note: The clefs are three in number, called the C, F, and G
clefs, and are probably corruptions or modifications of
these letters. They indicate that the letters of
absolute pitch belonging to the lines upon which they
are placed, are respectively C, F, and G. The F or bass
clef, and the G or treble clef, are fixed in their
positions upon the staff. The C clef may have three
positions. It may be placed upon the first or lower
line of the staff, in which case it is called soprano
clef, upon the third line, in which case it called alto
clef, or upon the fourth line, in which case tenor
clef. It rarely or never is placed upon the second
line, except in ancient music. See other forms of C
clef under C, 2.
Alto clef, Bass clef. See under Alto, Bass. alto clefCounter tenor Coun"ter ten`or (t?n`?r). [OF. contreteneur. Cf.
Contratenor, and see Tenor a part in music.] (Mus.)
One of the middle parts in music, between the tenor and the
treble; high tenor.
Counter-tenor clef (Mus.), the C clef when placed on the
third line; -- also called alto clef. Bito treeBito Bi"to, n., Bito tree Bi"to tree` . [Etym. uncertain.]
(Bot.)
A small scrubby tree (Balanites [AE]gyptiaca) growing in
dry regions of tropical Africa and Asia.
Note: The hard yellowish white wood is made into plows in
Abyssinia; the bark is used in Farther India to stupefy
fish; the ripe fruit is edible, when green it is an
anthelmintic; the fermented juice is used as a
beverage; the seeds yield a medicinal oil called
zachun. The African name of the tree is hajilij. Canto fermoCanto Can"to, n.; pl. Cantos. [It. canto, fr. L. cantus
singing, song. See Chant.]
1. One of the chief divisions of a long poem; a book.
2. (Mus.) The highest vocal part; the air or melody in choral
music; anciently the tenor, now the soprano.
Canto fermo[It.] (Mus.), the plain ecclesiastical chant in
cathedral service; the plain song. Challenge to the arrayChallenge Chal"lenge, n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation,
challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation,
contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See
Calumny.]
1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any
kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel;
also, the letter or message conveying the summons.
A challenge to controversy. --Goldsmith.
2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his
post, and demanding the countersign.
3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]
There must be no challenge of superiority.
--Collier.
4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first
finding the scent of their game.
5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court
martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held
incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain
person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his
cause. --Blackstone
6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote.
The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U.
S.]
Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole
panel.
Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the
sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and
office it is to decide upon it.
Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or
more of the individual jurors returned.
Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to
defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors
(fixed by statute in different States) without assigning
any cause.
Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be
sufficient if found to be true. Challenge to the favorChallenge Chal"lenge, n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation,
challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation,
contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See
Calumny.]
1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any
kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel;
also, the letter or message conveying the summons.
A challenge to controversy. --Goldsmith.
2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his
post, and demanding the countersign.
3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]
There must be no challenge of superiority.
--Collier.
4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first
finding the scent of their game.
5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court
martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held
incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain
person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his
cause. --Blackstone
6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote.
The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U.
S.]
Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole
panel.
Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the
sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and
office it is to decide upon it.
Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or
more of the individual jurors returned.
Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to
defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors
(fixed by statute in different States) without assigning
any cause.
Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be
sufficient if found to be true. Challenge to the pollsChallenge Chal"lenge, n. [OE. chalenge claim, accusation,
challenge, OF. chalenge, chalonge, claim, accusation,
contest, fr. L. calumnia false accusation, chicanery. See
Calumny.]
1. An invitation to engage in a contest or controversy of any
kind; a defiance; specifically, a summons to fight a duel;
also, the letter or message conveying the summons.
A challenge to controversy. --Goldsmith.
2. The act of a sentry in halting any one who appears at his
post, and demanding the countersign.
3. A claim or demand. [Obs.]
There must be no challenge of superiority.
--Collier.
4. (Hunting) The opening and crying of hounds at first
finding the scent of their game.
5. (Law) An exception to a juror or to a member of a court
martial, coupled with a demand that he should be held
incompetent to act; the claim of a party that a certain
person or persons shall not sit in trial upon him or his
cause. --Blackstone
6. An exception to a person as not legally qualified to vote.
The challenge must be made when the ballot is offered. [U.
S.]
Challenge to the array (Law), an exception to the whole
panel.
Challenge to the favor, the alleging a special cause, the
sufficiency of which is to be left to those whose duty and
office it is to decide upon it.
Challenge to the polls, an exception taken to any one or
more of the individual jurors returned.
Peremptory challenge, a privilege sometimes allowed to
defendants, of challenging a certain number of jurors
(fixed by statute in different States) without assigning
any cause.
Principal challenge, that which the law allows to be
sufficient if found to be true. Colorado potato beetlePotato Po*ta"to, n.; pl. Potatoes. [Sp. patata potato,
batata sweet potato, from the native American name (probably
batata) in Hayti.] (Bot.)
(a) A plant (Solanum tuberosum) of the Nightshade
family, and its esculent farinaceous tuber, of which
there are numerous varieties used for food. It is
native of South America, but a form of the species is
found native as far north as New Mexico.
(b) The sweet potato (see below).
Potato beetle, Potato bug. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) A beetle (Doryphora decemlineata) which feeds, both
in the larval and adult stages, upon the leaves of the
potato, often doing great damage. Called also
Colorado potato beetle, and Doryphora. See
Colorado beetle.
(b) The Lema trilineata, a smaller and more slender
striped beetle which feeds upon the potato plant, bur
does less injury than the preceding species.
Potato fly (Zo["o]l.), any one of several species of
blister beetles infesting the potato vine. The black
species (Lytta atrata), the striped (L. vittata), and
the gray (L. cinerea, or Fabricii) are the most common.
See Blister beetle, under Blister.
Potato rot, a disease of the tubers of the potato, supposed
to be caused by a kind of mold (Peronospora infestans),
which is first seen upon the leaves and stems.
Potato weevil (Zo["o]l.), an American weevil (Baridius
trinotatus) whose larva lives in and kills the stalks of
potato vines, often causing serious damage to the crop.
Potato whisky, a strong, fiery liquor, having a hot, smoky
taste, and rich in amyl alcohol (fusel oil); it is made
from potatoes or potato starch.
Potato worm (Zo["o]l.), the large green larva of a sphinx,
or hawk moth (Macrosila quinquemaculata); -- called also
tomato worm. See Illust. under Tomato.
Seaside potato (Bot.), Ipom[oe]a Pes-Capr[ae], a kind of
morning-glory with rounded and emarginate or bilobed
leaves. [West Indies]
Sweet potato (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ipom[oe]a Balatas)
allied to the morning-glory. Its farinaceous tubers have a
sweetish taste, and are used, when cooked, for food. It is
probably a native of Brazil, but is cultivated extensively
in the warmer parts of every continent, and even as far
north as New Jersey. The name potato was applied to this
plant before it was to the Solanum tuberosum, and this
is the ``potato' of the Southern United States.
Wild potato. (Bot.)
(a) A vine (Ipom[oe]a pandurata) having a pale purplish
flower and an enormous root. It is common in sandy
places in the United States.
(b) A similar tropical American plant (I. fastigiata)
which it is thought may have been the original stock
of the sweet potato. Conclusion to the countryConclusion Con*clu"sion, n. [F., fr. L. conclusio. See
Conclude.]
1. The last part of anything; close; termination; end.
A fluorish of trumpets announced the conclusion of
the contest. --Prescott.
2. Final decision; determination; result.
And the conclusion is, she shall be thine. --Shak.
3. Any inference or result of reasoning.
4. (Logic) The inferred proposition of a syllogism; the
necessary consequence of the conditions asserted in two
related propositions called premises. See Syllogism.
He granted him both the major and minor, but denied
him the conclusion. --Addison.
5. Drawing of inferences. [Poetic]
Your wife Octavia, with her modest eyes And still
conclusion. --Shak.
6. An experiment, or something from which a conclusion may be
drawn. [Obs.]
We practice likewise all conclusions of grafting and
inoculating. --Bacon.
7. (Law)
(a) The end or close of a pleading, e.g., the formal
ending of an indictment, ``against the peace,' etc.
(b) An estoppel or bar by which a person is held to a
particular position. --Wharton.
Conclusion to the country (Law), the conclusion of a
pleading by which a party ``puts himself upon the
country,' i.e., appeals to the verdict of a jury.
--Mozley & W.
In conclusion.
(a) Finally.
(b) In short.
To try conclusions, to make a trial or an experiment.
Like the famous ape, To try conclusions, in the
basket creep. --Shak.
Syn: Inference; deduction; result; consequence; end;
decision. See Inference. Consolato del mare
Consolato del mare Con`so*la"to del ma"re [It., the consulate
of the sea.]
A collection of maritime laws of disputed origin, supposed to
have been first published at Barcelona early in the 14th
century. It has formed the basis of most of the subsequent
collections of maritime laws. --Kent. --Bouvier.
Demurrer to evidenceDemurrer De*mur"rer, n.
1. One who demurs.
2. (Law) A stop or pause by a party to an action, for the
judgment of the court on the question, whether, assuming
the truth of the matter alleged by the opposite party, it
is sufficient in law to sustain the action or defense, and
hence whether the party resting is bound to answer or
proceed further.
Demurrer to evidence, an exception taken by a party to the
evidence offered by the opposite party, and an objecting
to proceed further, on the allegation that such evidence
is not sufficient in law to maintain the issue, and a
reference to the court to determine the point. --Bouvier. Ex post facto law Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment.
The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or
criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect,
and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true
application, as employed in American law, it relates only
to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of
criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime
before its passage, or which raises the grade of an
offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe
manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are
held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a
free government, and the States are prohibited from
passing such laws by the Constitution of the United
States. --Burrill. --Kent. Face to face Cylinder face (Steam Engine), the flat part of a steam
cylinder on which a slide valve moves.
Face of an anvil, its flat upper surface.
Face of a bastion (Fort.), the part between the salient and
the shoulder angle.
Face of coal (Mining), the principal cleavage plane, at
right angles to the stratification.
Face of a gun, the surface of metal at the muzzle.
Face of a place (Fort.), the front comprehended between the
flanked angles of two neighboring bastions. --Wilhelm.
Face of a square (Mil.), one of the sides of a battalion
when formed in a square.
Face of a watch, clock, compass, card etc., the dial or
graduated surface on which a pointer indicates the time of
day, point of the compass, etc.
Face to face.
(a) In the presence of each other; as, to bring the
accuser and the accused face to face.
(b) Without the interposition of any body or substance.
``Now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to
face.' 1 --Cor. xiii. 12.
(c) With the faces or finished surfaces turned inward or
toward one another; vis [`a] vis; -- opposed to back
to back.
To fly in the face of, to defy; to brave; to withstand.
To make a face, to distort the countenance; to make a
grimace. --Shak. Flauto traversoFlauto Flau"to, n. [It.]
A flute.
Flaute piccolo[It., little flute], an octave flute.
Flauto traverso[It., transverse flute], the German flute,
held laterally, instead of being played, like the old
fl[^u]te a bec, with a mouth piece at the end. From pillar to postPillar Pil"lar, n. [OE. pilerF. pilier, LL. pilare, pilarium,
pilarius, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pile a heap.]
1. The general and popular term for a firm, upright,
insulated support for a superstructure; a pier, column, or
post; also, a column or shaft not supporting a
superstructure, as one erected for a monument or an
ornament.
Jacob set a pillar upon her grave. --Gen. xxxv.
20.
The place . . . vast and proud, Supported by a
hundred pillars stood. --Dryden.
2. Figuratively, that which resembles such a pillar in
appearance, character, or office; a supporter or mainstay;
as, the Pillars of Hercules; a pillar of the state. ``You
are a well-deserving pillar.' --Shak.
By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire. --Milton.
3. (R. C. Ch.) A portable ornamental column, formerly carried
before a cardinal, as emblematic of his support to the
church. [Obs.] --Skelton.
4. (Man.) The center of the volta, ring, or manege ground,
around which a horse turns.
From pillar to post, hither and thither; to and fro; from
one place or predicament to another; backward and forward.
[Colloq.]
Pillar saint. See Stylite.
Pillars of the fauces. See Fauces, 1. From stem to sternStem Stem, n. [AS. stemn, stefn, st[ae]fn; akin to OS. stamn
the stem of a ship, D. stam stem, steven stem of a ship, G.
stamm stem, steven stem of a ship, Icel. stafn, stamn, stem
of a ship, stofn, stomn, stem, Sw. stam a tree trunk, Dan.
stamme. Cf. Staff, Stand.]
1. The principal body of a tree, shrub, or plant, of any
kind; the main stock; the part which supports the branches
or the head or top.
After they are shot up thirty feet in length, they
spread a very large top, having no bough nor twig in
the trunk or the stem. --Sir W.
Raleigh.
The lowering spring, with lavish rain, Beats down
the slender stem and breaded grain. --Dryden.
2. A little branch which connects a fruit, flower, or leaf
with a main branch; a peduncle, pedicel, or petiole; as,
the stem of an apple or a cherry.
3. The stock of a family; a race or generation of
progenitors. ``All that are of noble stem.' --Milton.
While I do pray, learn here thy stem And true
descent. --Herbert.
4. A branch of a family.
This is a stem Of that victorious stock. --Shak.
5. (Naut.) A curved piece of timber to which the two sides of
a ship are united at the fore end. The lower end of it is
scarfed to the keel, and the bowsprit rests upon its upper
end. Hence, the forward part of a vessel; the bow.
6. Fig.: An advanced or leading position; the lookout.
Wolsey sat at the stem more than twenty years.
--Fuller.
7. Anything resembling a stem or stalk; as, the stem of a
tobacco pipe; the stem of a watch case, or that part to
which the ring, by which it is suspended, is attached.
8. (Bot.) That part of a plant which bears leaves, or
rudiments of leaves, whether rising above ground or wholly
subterranean.
9. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The entire central axis of a feather.
(b) The basal portion of the body of one of the
Pennatulacea, or of a gorgonian.
10. (Mus.) The short perpendicular line added to the body of
a note; the tail of a crotchet, quaver, semiquaver, etc.
11. (Gram.) The part of an inflected word which remains
unchanged (except by euphonic variations) throughout a
given inflection; theme; base.
From stem to stern (Naut.), from one end of the ship to the
other, or through the whole length.
Stem leaf (Bot.), a leaf growing from the stem of a plant,
as contrasted with a basal or radical leaf. From top to toeTop Top, n. (Golf)
(a) A stroke on the top of the ball.
(b) A forward spin given to the ball by hitting it on or near
the top.
From top to toe, from head to foot; altogether. into commissionthe formal act of taking command of a vessel for service,
hoisting the flag, reading the orders, etc.
To put a vessel out of commission (Naut.), to detach the
officers and crew and retire it from active service,
temporarily or permanently.
To put the great seal, or the Treasury, into
commission, to place it in the hands of a commissioner or
commissioners during the abeyance of the ordinary
administration, as between the going out of one lord
keeper and the accession of another. [Eng.]
The United States Christian Commission, an organization
among the people of the North, during the Civil War, which
afforded material comforts to the Union soldiers, and
performed services of a religious character in the field
and in hospitals.
The United States Sanitary Commission, an organization
formed by the people of the North to co["o]perate with and
supplement the medical department of the Union armies
during the Civil War.
Syn: Charge; warrant; authority; mandate; office; trust;
employment. into or throughMillstone Mill"stone`, n.
One of two circular stones used for grinding grain or other
substance.
No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to
pledge. --Deut. xxiv.
6.
Note: The cellular siliceous rock called buhrstone is usually
employed for millstones; also, some kinds of lava, as
that Niedermendig, or other firm rock with rough
texture. The surface of a millstone has usually a
series of radial grooves in which the powdered material
collects.
Millstone girt (Geol.), a hard and coarse, gritty
sandstone, dividing the Carboniferous from the
Subcarboniferous strata. See Farewell rock, under
Farewell, a., and Chart of Geology.
To see into, or through, a millstone, to see into or
through a difficult matter. (Colloq.) Into the bargainBargain Bar"gain, n. [OE. bargayn, bargany, OF. bargaigne,
bargagne, prob. from a supposed LL. barcaneum, fr. barca a
boat which carries merchandise to the shore; hence, to
traffic to and fro, to carry on commerce in general. See
Bark a vessel. ]
1. An agreement between parties concerning the sale of
property; or a contract by which one party binds himself
to transfer the right to some property for a
consideration, and the other party binds himself to
receive the property and pay the consideration.
A contract is a bargain that is legally binding.
--Wharton.
2. An agreement or stipulation; mutual pledge.
And whon your honors mean to solemnize The bargain
of your faith. --Shak.
3. A purchase; also ( when not qualified), a gainful
transaction; an advantageous purchase; as, to buy a thing
at a bargain.
4. The thing stipulated or purchased; also, anything bought
cheap.
She was too fond of her most filthy bargain. --Shak.
Bargain and sale (Law), a species of conveyance, by which
the bargainor contracts to convey the lands to the
bargainee, and becomes by such contract a trustee for and
seized to the use of the bargainee. The statute then
completes the purchase; i. e., the bargain vests the use,
and the statute vests the possession. --Blackstone.
Into the bargain, over and above what is stipulated;
besides.
To sell bargains, to make saucy (usually indelicate)
repartees. [Obs.] --Swift.
To strike a bargain, to reach or ratify an agreement. ``A
bargain was struck.' --Macaulay.
Syn: Contract; stipulation; purchase; engagement. Mosquito barMosquito Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. [Sp. mosquito, fr.
moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and
allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing,
within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike
organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals
to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many
persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some
pain. The larv[ae] and pup[ae], called wigglers, are aquatic.
[Written also musquito.]
Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for
excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows.
Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels.
Mosquito hawk (Zo["o]l.), a dragon fly; -- so called
because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes.
Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for
making mosquito bars. Mosquito fleetMosquito Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. [Sp. mosquito, fr.
moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and
allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing,
within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike
organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals
to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many
persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some
pain. The larv[ae] and pup[ae], called wigglers, are aquatic.
[Written also musquito.]
Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for
excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows.
Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels.
Mosquito hawk (Zo["o]l.), a dragon fly; -- so called
because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes.
Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for
making mosquito bars. Mosquito hawkMosquito Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. [Sp. mosquito, fr.
moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and
allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing,
within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike
organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals
to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many
persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some
pain. The larv[ae] and pup[ae], called wigglers, are aquatic.
[Written also musquito.]
Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for
excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows.
Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels.
Mosquito hawk (Zo["o]l.), a dragon fly; -- so called
because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes.
Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for
making mosquito bars. Mosquito netMosquito Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. [Sp. mosquito, fr.
moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and
allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing,
within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike
organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals
to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many
persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some
pain. The larv[ae] and pup[ae], called wigglers, are aquatic.
[Written also musquito.]
Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for
excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows.
Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels.
Mosquito hawk (Zo["o]l.), a dragon fly; -- so called
because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes.
Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for
making mosquito bars. Mosquito nettingMosquito Mos*qui"to, n.; pl. Mosquitoes. [Sp. mosquito, fr.
moscafly, L. musca. Cf. Musket.] (Zo["o]l.)
Any one of various species of gnats of the genus Culex and
allied genera. The females have a proboscis containing,
within the sheathlike labium, six fine, sharp, needlelike
organs with which they puncture the skin of man and animals
to suck the blood. These bites, when numerous, cause, in many
persons, considerable irritation and swelling, with some
pain. The larv[ae] and pup[ae], called wigglers, are aquatic.
[Written also musquito.]
Mosquito bar, Mosquito net, a net or curtain for
excluding mosquitoes, -- used for beds and windows.
Mosquito fleet, a fleet of small vessels.
Mosquito hawk (Zo["o]l.), a dragon fly; -- so called
because it captures and feeds upon mosquitoes.
Mosquito netting, a loosely-woven gauzelike fabric for
making mosquito bars. Otto cycle
Otto cycle Ot"to cy`cle (Thermodynamics)
A four-stroke cycle for internal-combustion engines
consisting of the following operations: First stroke, suction
into cylinder of explosive charge, as of gas and air; second
stroke, compression, ignition, and explosion of this charge;
third stroke (the working stroke), expansion of the gases;
fourth stroke, expulsion of the products of combustion from
the cylinder. This is the cycle invented by Beau de Rochas in
1862 and applied by Dr. Otto in 1877 in the Otto-Crossley gas
engine, the first commercially successful internal-combustion
engine made.
Otto engine
Otto engine Otto engine
An engine using the Otto cycle.
Palmetto flag
Palmetto flag Pal*met"to flag
Any of several flags adopted by South California after its
secession. That adopted in November, 1860, had a green
cabbage palmetto in the center of a white field; the final
one, January, 1861, had a white palmetto in the center of a
blue field and a white crescent in the upper left-hand
corner.
Meaning of To from wikipedia
-
deputy postmaster-general for the
British colonies in 1753,
which enabled him
to set up the
first national communications network. He was
active in community...
- Ferdinand, heir
to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held
Serbia responsible, and
declared war on 28 July.
Russia came
to Serbia's defence...
- and media,
academics and
scientific output, and the arts and fashion. Home
to the
headquarters of the
United Nations, New York is an
important center for...
- NATO is a
collective security system: its
independent member states agree to defend each
other against attacks by
third parties.
During the Cold War, NATO...
-
awards for his
overall contributions to literature,
including the 2003
Medal for
Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, the 2007
Grand Master...
- (guitar, vocals)
joined in
December 1967,
while Barrett left in
April 1968 due
to deteriorating mental health.
Waters became the
primary lyricist and thematic...
- he had
begun to compose, and he
performed before European royalty. His
father took him on a
grand tour of
Europe and then
three trips to Italy. At 17...
-
political leader and the
founder of Islam.
According to Islamic doctrine, he was a
prophet divinely inspired to preach and
confirm the
monotheistic teachings...
- on the
Billboard Hot 100
chart while also
becoming the
first US
download to sell one
million copies. In 2006,
Stefani released her
second studio album...
-
basis for his 1929
novel A
Farewell to Arms. He
married Hadley Richardson in 1921, the
first of four wives. They
moved to Paris where he
worked as a foreign...
