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Book of the Law of MosesPentateuch Pen"ta*teuch, n. [L. pentateuchus, Gr. ?; ? (see
Penta-) + ? a tool, implement, a book, akin to ? to
prepare, make ready, and perh. to E. text. See Five, and
Text.]
The first five books of the Old Testament, collectively; --
called also the Law of Moses, Book of the Law of Moses,
etc. Brehon lawsBrehon Bre"hon, n. [Ir. breitheamh judge.]
An ancient Irish or Scotch judge.
Brehon laws, the ancient Irish laws, -- unwritten, like the
common law of England. They were abolished by statute of
Edward III. Commercial lawCommercial Com*mer"cial, a. [Cf. F. commercial.]
Of or pertaining to commerce; carrying on or occupied with
commerce or trade; mercantile; as, commercial advantages;
commercial relations. ``Princely commercial houses.'
--Macaulay.
Commercial college, a school for giving instruction in
commercial knowledge and business.
Commercial law. See under Law.
Commercial note paper, a small size of writing paper,
usually about 5 by 71/2 or 8 inches.
Commercial paper, negotiable paper given in due course of
business. It includes bills of exchange, promissory notes,
bank checks, etc.
Commercial traveler, an agent of a wholesale house who
travels from town to town to solicit orders.
Syn: See Mercantile. Conflict of lawsConflict Con"flict, n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr.
confligere, -flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F.
conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.]
1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as, a
conflict of elements or waves.
2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle;
struggle; fighting.
As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he
became eager for action and conflict. --Macaulay.
An irrepressible conflict between opposing and
enduring forces. --W. H.
Seward.
Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals
with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the
conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; --
often used as synonymous with Private international law.
Syn: Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife;
contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest. Criminal lawCriminal Crim"i*nal (kr?m"?-nal), a. [L. criminalis, fr.
crimen: cf. F. criminel. See Crime.]
1. Guilty of crime or sin.
The neglect of any of the relative duties renders us
criminal in the sight of God. --Rogers.
2. Involving a crime; of the nature of a crime; -- said of an
act or of conduct; as, criminal carelessness.
Foppish and fantastic ornaments are only indications
of vice, not criminal in themselves. --Addison.
3. Relating to crime; -- opposed to civil; as, the criminal
code.
The officers and servants of the crown, violating
the personal liberty, or other right of the subject
. . . were in some cases liable to criminal process.
--Hallam.
Criminal action (Law), an action or suit instituted to
secure conviction and punishment for a crime.
Criminal conversation (Law), unlawful intercourse with a
married woman; adultery; -- usually abbreviated, crim.
con.
Criminal law, the law which relates to crimes. Draconian lawsDraconian Dra*co"ni*an, a.
Pertaining to Draco, a famous lawgiver of Athens, 621 b. c.
Draconian code, or Draconian laws, a code of laws made by
Draco. Their measures were so severe that they were said
to be written in letters of blood; hence, any laws of
excessive rigor. Ecclesiastical lawEcclesiastical Ec*cle`si*as"tic*al, a. [See Ecclesiastical,
a.]
Of or pertaining to the church; relating to the organization
or government of the church; not secular; as, ecclesiastical
affairs or history; ecclesiastical courts.
Every circumstance of ecclesiastical order and
discipline was an abomination. --Cowper.
Ecclesiastical commissioners for England, a permanent
commission established by Parliament in 1836, to consider
and report upon the affairs of the Established Church.
Ecclesiastical courts, courts for maintaining the
discipline of the Established Church; -- called also
Christian courts. [Eng.]
Ecclesiastical law, a combination of civil and canon law as
administered in ecclesiastical courts. [Eng.]
Ecclesiastical modes (Mus.), the church modes, or the
scales anciently used.
Ecclesiastical States, the territory formerly subject to
the Pope of Rome as its temporal ruler; -- called also
States of the Church. Ex post facto law Ex post facto law, a law which operates by after enactment.
The phrase is popularly applied to any law, civil or
criminal, which is enacted with a retrospective effect,
and with intention to produce that effect; but in its true
application, as employed in American law, it relates only
to crimes, and signifies a law which retroacts, by way of
criminal punishment, upon that which was not a crime
before its passage, or which raises the grade of an
offense, or renders an act punishable in a more severe
manner that it was when committed. Ex post facto laws are
held to be contrary to the fundamental principles of a
free government, and the States are prohibited from
passing such laws by the Constitution of the United
States. --Burrill. --Kent. Falcidian lawFalcidian Fal*cid"i*an, a. [L. Falcidius.]
Of or pertaining to Publius Falcidius, a Roman tribune.
Falcidian law (Civil Law), a law by which a testator was
obliged to leave at least a fourth of his estate to the
heir. --Burrill. Forest lawsForest For"est, a.
Of or pertaining to a forest; sylvan.
Forest fly. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) One of numerous species of blood-sucking flies, of the
family Tabanid[ae], which attack both men and beasts.
See Horse fly.
(b) A fly of the genus Hippobosca, esp. H. equina. See
Horse tick.
Forest glade, a grassy space in a forest. --Thomson.
Forest laws, laws for the protection of game, preservation
of timber, etc., in forests.
Forest tree, a tree of the forest, especially a timber
tree, as distinguished from a fruit tree. Gag law
Gag law Gag law (Parliamentary Law)
A law or ruling prohibiting proper or free debate, as in
closure. [Colloq. or Cant]
homestead exemption lawHomestead Home"stead, n. [AS. h[=a]mstede.]
1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground
immediately connected with it. --Dryden.
2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin.
We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers
Volga and Ural. --W. Tooke.
3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by
the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family.
Homestead law.
(a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon
owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a
homestead from attachment or sale under execution for
general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the
extent or value of the property, exist in most of the
States. Called also homestead exemption law.
(b) Also, a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing
and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of
160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.] Homestead lawHomestead Home"stead, n. [AS. h[=a]mstede.]
1. The home place; a home and the inclosure or ground
immediately connected with it. --Dryden.
2. The home or seat of a family; place of origin.
We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers
Volga and Ural. --W. Tooke.
3. (Law) The home and appurtenant land and buildings owned by
the head of a family, and occupied by him and his family.
Homestead law.
(a) A law conferring special privileges or exemptions upon
owners of homesteads; esp., a law exempting a
homestead from attachment or sale under execution for
general debts. Such laws, with limitations as to the
extent or value of the property, exist in most of the
States. Called also homestead exemption law.
(b) Also, a designation of an Act of Congress authorizing
and regulating the sale of public lands, in parcels of
160 acres each, to actual settlers. [U.S.] International lawInternational In`ter*na"tion*al, a. [Pref. inter- + national:
cf. F. international.]
1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of
nations; participated in by two or more nations; common
to, or affecting, two or more nations.
2. Of or concerning the association called the International.
International code (Naut.), a common system of signaling
adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby
communication may be had between vessels at sea.
International copyright. See under Copyright.
International law, the rules regulating the mutual
intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the
product of the conditions from time to time of
international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic
discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals
in treaties. It is called public when treating of the
relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the
relations of persons of different nationalities.
International law is now, by the better opinion, part of
the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under
Conflict. --Wharton. law or lawsOrganic Or*gan"ic, a. [L. organicus, Gr. ?: cf. F. organique.]
1. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to an organ or its functions, or
to objects composed of organs; consisting of organs, or
containing them; as, the organic structure of animals and
plants; exhibiting characters peculiar to living
organisms; as, organic bodies, organic life, organic
remains. Cf. Inorganic.
2. Produced by the organs; as, organic pleasure. [R.]
3. Instrumental; acting as instruments of nature or of art to
a certain destined function or end. [R.]
Those organic arts which enable men to discourse and
write perspicuously. --Milton.
4. Forming a whole composed of organs. Hence: Of or
pertaining to a system of organs; inherent in, or
resulting from, a certain organization; as, an organic
government; his love of truth was not inculcated, but
organic.
5. Pertaining to, or denoting, any one of the large series of
substances which, in nature or origin, are connected with
vital processes, and include many substances of artificial
production which may or may not occur in animals or
plants; -- contrasted with inorganic.
Note: The principles of organic and inorganic chemistry are
identical; but the enormous number and the completeness
of related series of organic compounds, together with
their remarkable facility of exchange and substitution,
offer an illustration of chemical reaction and homology
not to be paralleled in inorganic chemistry.
Organic analysis (Chem.), the analysis of organic
compounds, concerned chiefly with the determination of
carbon as carbon dioxide, hydrogen as water, oxygen as the
difference between the sum of the others and 100 per cent,
and nitrogen as free nitrogen, ammonia, or nitric oxide;
-- formerly called ultimate analysis, in distinction from
proximate analysis.
Organic chemistry. See under Chemistry.
Organic compounds. (Chem.) See Carbon compounds, under
Carbon.
Organic description of a curve (Geom.), the description of
a curve on a plane by means of instruments. --Brande & C.
Organic disease (Med.), a disease attended with morbid
changes in the structure of the organs of the body or in
the composition of its fluids; -- opposed to functional
disease.
Organic electricity. See under Electricity.
Organic law or laws, a law or system of laws, or
declaration of principles fundamental to the existence and
organization of a political or other association; a
constitution.
Organic stricture (Med.), a contraction of one of the
natural passages of the body produced by structural
changes in its walls, as distinguished from a spasmodic
stricture, which is due to muscular contraction. Limb of the lawLimb Limb (l[i^]m), n. [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr
limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf. also AS.
li[eth], OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. li[thorn]us. Cf.
Lith, Limber.]
1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and
separates into branches and twigs; a large branch.
2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of
an animal.
A second Hector for his grim aspect, And large
proportion of his strong-knit limbs. --Shak.
3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or
attachment to, something else. --Shak.
That little limb of the devil has cheated the
gallows. --Sir W.
Scott.
4. An elementary piece of the mechanism of a lock.
Limb of the law, a lawyer or an officer of the law.
[Colloq.] --Landor. Lynch law
Lynch law Lynch" law`
The act or practice by private persons of inflicting
punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of
law.
Note: The term Lynch law is said to be derived from a
Virginian named Lynch, who took the law into his own
hands. But the origin of the term is very doubtful.
Maine lawMaine Maine, n.
One of the New England States.
Maine law, any law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of
intoxicating beverages, esp. one resembling that enacted
in the State of Maine. Marine law Marine engine (Mech.), a steam engine for propelling a
vessel.
Marine glue. See under Glue.
Marine insurance, insurance against the perils of the sea,
including also risks of fire, piracy, and barratry.
Marine interest, interest at any rate agreed on for money
lent upon respondentia and bottomry bonds.
Marine law. See under Law.
Marine league, three geographical miles.
Marine metal, an alloy of lead, antimony, and mercury, made
for sheathing ships. --Mc Elrath.
Marine soap, cocoanut oil soap; -- so called because, being
quite soluble in salt water, it is much used on shipboard.
Marine store, a store where old canvas, ropes, etc., are
bought and sold; a junk shop. [Eng.] Maritime lawMaritime Mar"i*time, a. [L. maritimus, fr. mare the sea: cf.
F. maritime. See Mere a pool.]
1. Bordering on, or situated near, the ocean; connected with
the sea by site, interest, or power; having shipping and
commerce or a navy; as, maritime states. ``A maritime
town.' --Addison.
2. Of or pertaining to the ocean; marine; pertaining to
navigation and naval affairs, or to shipping and commerce
by sea. ``Maritime service.' --Sir H. Wotton.
Maritime law. See Law.
Maritime loan, a loan secured by bottomry or respodentia
bonds.
Martime nations, nations having seaports, and using the sea
more or less for war or commerce. May lawsMay laws May laws
1. See Kulturkampf, above.
2. In Russia, severe oppressive laws against Jews, which have
given occasion for great persecution; -- so called because
they received the assent of the czar in May, 1882, and
because likened to the Prussian May laws (see
Kulturkampf). Military lawMilitary Mil"i*ta*ry, a. [L. militaris, militarius, from
miles, militis, soldier: cf. F. militaire.]
1. Of or pertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war;
belonging to, engaged in, or appropriate to, the affairs
of war; as, a military parade; military discipline;
military bravery; military conduct; military renown.
Nor do I, as an enemy to peace, Troop in the throngs
of military men. --Shak.
2. Performed or made by soldiers; as, a military election; a
military expedition. --Bacon.
Military law. See Martial law, under Martial.
Military order. (a) A command proceeding from a military
superior.
(b) An association of military persons under a bond of
certain peculiar rules; especially, such an
association of knights in the Middle Ages, or a body
in modern times taking a similar form, membership of
which confers some distinction.
Military tenure, tenure of land, on condition of performing
military service. Mob lawMob Mob, n. [L. mobile vulgus, the movable common people. See
Mobile, n.]
1. The lower classes of a community; the populace, or the
lowest part of it.
A cluster of mob were making themselves merry with
their betters. --Addison.
2. Hence: A throng; a rabble; esp., an unlawful or riotous
assembly; a disorderly crowd.
The mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease. --Pope.
Had every Athenian citizen been a Socrates, every
Athenian assembly would still have been a mob.
--Madison.
Confused by brainless mobs. --Tennyson.
Mob law, law administered by the mob; lynch law.
Swell mob, well dressed thieves and swindlers, regarded
collectively. [Slang] --Dickens. Natural law 10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key. --Moore (Encyc. of
Music).
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, incuding the sciences of
botany, zo["o]logy, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and zo["o]logy collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; in modern usage, that branch of physical science,
commonly called physics, which treats of the phenomena
and laws of matter and considers those effects only which
are unaccompanied by any change of a chemical nature; --
contrasted with mental and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps. Model would be a preferable term, as less
likely to mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being equally
natural with the so-called natural scale
Natural science, natural history, in its broadest sense; --
used especially in contradistinction to mental or moral
science.
Natural selection (Biol.), a supposed operation of natural
laws analogous, in its operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest. The theory of natural
selection supposes that this has been brought about mainly
by gradual changes of environment which have led to
corresponding changes of structure, and that those forms
which have become so modified as to be best adapted to the
changed environment have tended to survive and leave
similarly adapted descendants, while those less perfectly
adapted have tended to die out though lack of fitness for
the environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zo["o]l.), a classification based
upon real affinities, as shown in the structure of all
parts of the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from revealed
religion. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
Syn: See Native. Penang lawyerPenang lawyer Pe*nang" law"yer [Prob. fr. Malay p[=i]nang
l[=i]ar.]
A kind of walking stick made from the stem of an East Asiatic
palm (Licuala acutifida). Private international lawConflict Con"flict, n. [L. conflictus a striking together, fr.
confligere, -flictum, to strike together, to fight: cf. F.
conflit, formerly also conflict. See Conflict, v.]
1. A striking or dashing together; violent collision; as, a
conflict of elements or waves.
2. A strife for the mastery; hostile contest; battle;
struggle; fighting.
As soon as he [Atterbury] was himself again, he
became eager for action and conflict. --Macaulay.
An irrepressible conflict between opposing and
enduring forces. --W. H.
Seward.
Conflict of laws, that branch of jurisprudence which deals
with individual litigation claimed to be subject to the
conflicting laws of two or more states or nations; --
often used as synonymous with Private international law.
Syn: Contest; collision; struggle; combat; strife;
contention; battle; fight; encounter. See Contest. Public lawPublic Pub"lic, a. [L. publicus, poblicus, fr. populus people:
cf. F. public. See People.]
1. Of or pertaining to the people; belonging to the people;
relating to, or affecting, a nation, state, or community;
-- opposed to private; as, the public treasury.
To the public good Private respects must yield.
--Milton.
He [Alexander Hamilton] touched the dead corpse of
the public credit, and it sprung upon its feet. --D.
Webster.
2. Open to the knowledge or view of all; general; common;
notorious; as, public report; public scandal.
Joseph, . . . not willing to make her a public
example, was minded to put her away privily. --Matt.
i. 19.
3. Open to common or general use; as, a public road; a public
house. ``The public street.' --Shak.
Public act or statute (Law), an act or statute affecting
matters of public concern. Of such statutes the courts
take judicial notice.
Public credit. See under Credit.
Public funds. See Fund, 3.
Public house, an inn, or house of entertainment.
Public law.
(a) See International law, under International.
(b) A public act or statute.
Public nuisance. (Law) See under Nuisance.
Public orator. (Eng. Universities) See Orator, 3.
Public stores, military and naval stores, equipments, etc.
Public works, all fixed works built by civil engineers for
public use, as railways, docks, canals, etc.; but
strictly, military and civil engineering works constructed
at the public cost. Roman lawRoman Ro"man, a. [L. Romanus, fr. Roma Rome: cf. F. romain.
Cf. Romaic, Romance, Romantic.]
1. Of or pertaining to Rome, or the Roman people; like or
characteristic of Rome, the Roman people, or things done
by Romans; as, Roman fortitude; a Roman aqueduct; Roman
art.
2. Of or pertaining to the Roman Catholic religion;
professing that religion.
3. (Print.)
(a) Upright; erect; -- said of the letters or kind of type
ordinarily used, as distinguished from Italic
characters.
(b) Expressed in letters, not in figures, as I., IV., i.,
iv., etc.; -- said of numerals, as distinguished from
the Arabic numerals, 1, 4, etc.
Roman alum (Chem.), a cubical potassium alum formerly
obtained in large quantities from Italian alunite, and
highly valued by dyers on account of its freedom from
iron.
Roman balance, a form of balance nearly resembling the
modern steelyard. See the Note under Balance, n., 1.
Roman candle, a kind of firework (generally held in the
hand), characterized by the continued emission of shower
of sparks, and the ejection, at intervals, of brilliant
balls or stars of fire which are thrown upward as they
become ignited.
Roman Catholic, of, pertaining to, or the religion of that
church of which the pope is the spiritual head; as, a
Roman Catholic priest; the Roman Catholic Church.
Roman cement, a cement having the property of hardening
under water; a species of hydraulic cement.
Roman law. See under Law.
Roman nose, a nose somewhat aquiline.
Roman ocher, a deep, rich orange color, transparent and
durable, used by artists. --Ure.
Roman order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite,
a., 2. Salic lawSalic Sal"ic (s[a^]l"[i^]k), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian
Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws
called in Latin leges Salic[ae].]
Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so
called. [Also salique.]
Salic law.
(a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth
century. By one provision of this code women were
excluded from the inheritance of landed property.
(b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a
special application of the above-mentioned provision, in
accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne.
This law has obtained in France, and at times in other
countries of Europe, as Spain. Sea lawyerSea lawyer Sea" law"yer (Zo["o]l.)
The gray snapper. See under Snapper.
Meaning of law from wikipedia
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