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Krummholz (German: krumm, "crooked, bent, twisted" and Holz, "wood") — also
called knieholz ("knee timber") — is a type of stunted,
deformed vegetation...
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forests are a mix of
arolla pines and
European larch (Larix decidua).
Krummholtz grows above the timberline, with
mountain pine (Pinus mugo),
dwarf juniper...
- and at
timberline whitebark pine and
Sierra juniper grow in mats of
krummholtz.
Willows and
alders grow
along the
perennial streams that form the drainage...
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groves of
foxtail pine and
stunted whitebark pine.
Trees often create krummholtz formations, or a stunted,
deformed growth pattern characterized by branches...
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include alpine meadows, sub-alpine meadows, and taiga.
Stunted and
twisted Krummholtz trees, many of
which are
Engelmann spruce, are
common at or just above...
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Scots pine and
Siberian pine. The
upper tree line is
constituted by
birch krummholtz, fir and
spruce forests of the
subalpine belt, with
subalpine meadows...
- ) The
forest is
mixed conifer of fir and pine,
mountain hemlock, and
krummholtz mats of
whitebark pine.
Freel Peak has one of the few
areas of alpine...
