-
categorized by this time, into
vowels (svara),
stops (sparsha),
semivowels (
antastha) and
spirants (ushman). The
field was
fundamental to the
ancient study...
-
consonants in the
Devanagari script sparśa (Plosive) anunāsika (Nasal)
antastha (Approximant) ūṣman/saṃgharṣhī (Fricative)
Voicing → aghoṣa ghoṣa aghoṣa...
-
Phonetics → sparśa (Occlusive) anunāsika (Nasal)
antastha (Approximant) ūṣman/saṃgharṣī (Fricative)
Voicing → aghoṣa saghoṣa aghoṣa saghoṣa Aspiration...
- Nādam, Alpaprānam,
Dravam Avyāhata ṅa (ఙ) ña (ఞ) ṇa (ణ) na (న) — ma (మ)
Antastha — ya (య) ra (ర) (Lunṭhita) ḷa (ళ) (Pārśvika) la (ల) (Pārśvika) ṟa (ఱ) (Kampita)...
- kaṇṭhya tālavya mūrdhanya
dantya oṣṭhya alpa·prāṇa mahā·prāṇa anunāsika
antastha hrasva dīrgha sparśa vyañjana
svara "ad·eṄ guṇaḥ" – Pāṇini I 2 "vṛddhir·ād·aiC"...
